Abstract: Tattaunawa game da ayyukan masarufin ruwa, kamar su jika, watsawa, emulsifying, solubilizing, foaming, defoaming, wanka da lalata, da dai sauransu, gabatar da rabe-raben masarufi, da gabatar da wakokin da aka saba amfani dasu. Kuma rawar da suka taka a kayan kwalliya, mayukan wanka, magani, abinci. An bayyana yanayin ci gaban 'yan saman ruwa.

1. Raba masu sana'ar ruwa

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don rarrabe masu sana’ar ruwa, wadanda aka rarraba su bisa ga tushen masu sana’ar fage. Yawancin lokaci ana rarraba masu amfani da kwayoyi zuwa gida uku: surfan sandar roba, naturalan fage da naturalan adam.

Za'a iya raba masu surka zuwa gida hudu: anionic, cationic, zwitterionic da nonionic gwargwadon nau'in ions da ƙungiyar hydrophilic ta samar. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani dasu, waɗanda tushensu hydrophobic ƙungiya ce ta hydrocarbon, na iya ƙunsar abubuwa kamar oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, bromine, da iodine a cikin kwayar, kuma ana kiran su masu hawan hawan hydrocarbon ko kuma masu ruwa da tsaki na yau da kullun. Surfactants dauke da sunadarin flourine, silicon, phosphorus da boron ana kiransu 'surfactants' na musamman. Gabatarwar sinadarin fluorine, silicon, phosphorus, boron da sauran abubuwa ya ba wa masanan ruwa damar zama ingantacciya kuma ingantacciya. Abubuwan da ke dauke da sinadarin Fluorine sune ɗayan mahimmancin nau'ikan masu yin ruwa na musamman.

2. Babban aikin 'yan fashin ruwa

(1) Emulsification: Saboda tsananin tashin hankali na mai a cikin ruwa, idan man ya diga a cikin ruwa, yayi karfi sosai, sai a murƙushe mai cikin kyawawan ƙira kuma a haɗe shi cikin emulsion, amma motsawar ta tsaya kuma sake yadudduka Idan ka ƙara masarufi kuma ka motsa sosai, ba zai zama da sauƙi a raba ba na dogon lokaci bayan tsayawa, wanda shine emulsification. Dalili kuwa shine kasancewar hydrophobicity na man yana kewaye da rukunin hydrophilic na wakili mai aiki, suna samar da jan hankali na kwatance, rage aikin da ake buƙata don watsawar mai a cikin ruwa, da kuma sanya mai mai da emulsial. Zuwa

(2) Tasirin jikewa: Sau da yawa akan sami ruwan kakin zuma, man shafawa ko kayan ƙanƙara wanda aka haɗe saman fuskar, wanda yake ruwa ne. Saboda gurɓatar waɗannan abubuwan, farfajiyar ɓangarorin ba sauki a sha ruwa. Lokacin da aka kara masu ruwa-ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa, digo-digo na ruwa akan sassan ana watsuwa cikin sauki, wanda hakan yana matukar rage tashin hankali daga sassan kuma yana cimma manufar jika. Zuwa

(3) Solubilization: abubuwa masu mai zasu iya “narkewa” bayan an ƙara masu surfactants, amma wannan rugujewar na iya faruwa ne kawai lokacin da hankalin thean sashin samaniyar ya kai mawuyacin tasirin colloid. Solubility yana dogara ne akan abu mai solubilization kuma Ya dogara da yanayi. Dangane da solubilization, dogon sarkar hydrophobic gene hydrocarbon ya fi karfi da gajeren sarkar hydrocarbon, sarkar hydrocarbon mai cikakken karfi ta fi karfin sarkar hydrocarbon din da ba a karba ba, kuma tasirin solubilization na nonionic surfactants galibi ya fi muhimmanci. Zuwa

(4) Tasirin watsawa: daskararrun abubuwa kamar su kura da dattin jiki suna da sauƙin tarawa tare, kuma suna da saukin daidaitawa cikin ruwa. Kwayoyin halittar ruwa na iya raba daskararrun kwayoyin zarra cikin kyawawan kwayoyi, wadanda aka warwatsu kuma aka dakatar dasu cikin maganin. Yi rawa a cikin inganta watsawar ɗamarar ɗamarar dusar ƙanƙara. (5) Sakamakon kumfa: Samuwar kumfa yafi tallata shugabanci na wakili mai aiki, wanda ya haifar da raguwar tashin hankali tsakanin yanayin gas da ruwa. Gabaɗaya, ƙananan ƙwayoyi masu nauyin nauyi suna da sauƙin kumfa, ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta suna da ƙarancin kumfa, myristic acid yellow yana da mafi girman kaddarorin kumfa, kuma sodium stearate yana da mafi munin kayan kumfa. Ma'aikatan aiki na Anionic suna da kyawawan halaye na kumfa da kwanciyar hankali na kumfa fiye da waɗanda ba ionic ba. Misali, sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate yana da kaddarorin kumfa masu ƙarfi. Masu amfani da kumfa masu amfani da kumfa sun hada da amides mai barasa, carboxymethyl cellulose, da sauransu, kuma masu hana kumfa sun hada da acid mai, esters fatty acid esters, polyethers, da dai sauransu da sauran abubuwan da basu dace ba.

3 Aikace-aikacen Surfactant

Za'a iya raba aikace-aikacen masu amfani da masarufi zuwa aikace-aikacen jama'a da masana'antu. Dangane da bayanai, ana amfani da kashi biyu bisa uku na masu yin farar hula a kayayyakin kariya ta sirri; kayan wanka na roba sune ɗayan manyan kasuwannin masarufi don masu haɓaka. Kayayyakin sun hada da hodar wanka, kayan wanka na ruwa, kayan wanki da kayayyakin gida daban-daban. Kayan gogewa da kayayyakin kariya na mutum kamar: shamfu, kwandishan, cream gashi, gel gel, lotion, toner, mai tsabtace fuska, da dai sauransu. Masana'antun masana'antu sune yawan kayan da ake amfani da su a fannoni daban daban na masana'antu banda masu farar hula. Fannonin aikace-aikacen sun hada da masana'antar masana'antu, masana'antar karfe, fenti, fenti, masana'antar kere-kere, masana'antar gudan filastik, masana'antar abinci, masana'antar takarda, masana'antar fata, binciken man fetur, masana'antar kayan gini, masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, masana'antar makamashi, da dai sauransu. .

3.1.1 Kwarewa a fannin kwalliya

Ana amfani da Surfactants a kayan shafawa daban-daban azaman emulsifiers, penetrant, detergens, softeners, wetting agents, bactericides, dispersants, solubilizers, antistatic agents, hair dyes, da dai sauransu. Ba masu amfani da ionic surfactants anfi amfani dasu a kayan kwalliya saboda basu da haushi kuma sune sauƙi jituwa tare da sauran aka gyara. Gabaɗaya, sune masu ƙoshin mai ƙarancin mai da polyethers.

3.1.2 Bukatun kwaskwarima ga masu sana'ar ruwa

A abun da ke ciki na kwaskwarima formulations ya bambanta da kuma hadaddun. Baya ga albarkatun kasa na mai da ruwa, akwai kuma wasu masarufi masu aiki iri iri, abubuwan adana abubuwa, dandano da launukan launin fata, da sauransu, wadanda suke cikin tsarin watsawa mai matakai da yawa. Tare da kayan kwalliya na yau da kullun da bukatun aiki, nau'ikan kayan kwalliyar da ake amfani dasu a kayan kwalliya suma suna karuwa. Surfactants da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kayan shafawa bai kamata su sami fushin fata ba, ba tare da sakamako masu illa mai guba ba, sannan kuma sun cika buƙatun rashin launi, babu wari mai daɗi da kwanciyar hankali.

3.2 Aikace-aikacen 'surfactants' a cikin mayukan wanki

Surfactants suna da tsaftace tsaftacewa da aikin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma sun daɗe suna zama mafi mahimmanci a cikin kayayyakin tsaftacewa. Surfactant shine babban ɓangaren kayan wanka. Yana ma'amala da datti kuma tsakanin datti da kuma daskararren yanayi (kamar su jika, ratsawa, emulsifying, solubilizing, dispersing, foaming, da dai sauransu) da kuma cin gajiyar Matakan kayan kwalliya suna samun tasirin wanka. Mafi yadu amfani kuma mafi yadu amfani ne anionic da nonionic surfactants. Ana amfani da abubuwan amfani da sifofi da amphoteric surfactants kawai a cikin samar da wasu nau'ikan na musamman da ayyukan wanki. Babban nau'in sune LAS (yana nufin alkyl benzene sulfonate), AES (mai ƙanshi polyoxyethylene ether sulfate), MES (α-onic-sulfonic acid fatty acid salt), AOS (α-alkenyl sulfonate), Alkyl polyoxyethylene ether, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, acid diethanolamine, nau'in amino acid, nau'in betaine, da sauransu.

3.3 Aikace-aikacen 'yan saman ruwa a masana'antar abinci

3.3.1 Masu narkar da abinci da masu kauri Babban mahimmiyar rawar da masu ruwa-ruwa suke yi a masana'antar abinci ita ce ta zama emulsifiers da thicken. Phospholipids sune masu amfani da emulsifiers da masu karfafa gwiwa. Baya ga phospholipids, masu amfani da emulsifiers sune fat acid acid glycerides S, akasari monoglyceride T, fatty acid sucrose esters, fatty acid sorbitan esters, fatty acid propylene glycol esters, waken soya phospholipids, gum arabic, alginic acid, sodium caseinate, Gelatin da kwai gwaiduwa da sauransu. Thickerers sun kasu kashi biyu: na halitta da kuma hada sinadarai. Masu kaurin halitta sun hada da sitaci, danko arabic, guar gum, carrageenan, pectin, agar, da alginic acid da aka yi daga tsirrai da tsire-tsire. Hakanan akwai gelatin, casein da sodium caseinate da ake yi daga dabbobi da tsire-tsire masu ƙarancin furotin. Kuma xanthan danko da akayi daga kananan kwayoyin. Mafi yawan amfani da kaurin roba shine sodium carboxymethyl cellulose: @ :, propylene glycol alginate, cellulose glycolic acid da sodium polyacrylate, sodium sitaci glycolate, sodium sitaci phosphate, methyl cellulose da polyacrylic acid Sodium da sauransu.

3.3.2 Abubuwan adana abinci Rhamnose esters suna da wasu magungunan antibacterial, antiviral da anti-mycoplasma. Sucrose esters suma suna da babban tasirin hana kwayoyin cuta, musammam masu saurin yaduwar kwayar cuta ta Gram.

3.3.3 Masu watsa abinci, masu kumfa kumfa, da sauransu. Baya ga amfani da su azaman emulsifiers da masu kauri a cikin samar da abinci, ana iya amfani da masu yada ruwa a matsayin masu tarwatsawa, wakilai na jike, wakilai masu kumfa, masu lalata abubuwa, masu kula da kristalization, Sterilize da tsawanta lokacin adana abinci . Misali, hada da 0.2-0.3% waken soya phospholipids lokacin da ake hada madarar garin duka zai iya inganta kwayar halittarta da yaduwarsa, kuma ana iya narkar da shi da sauri ba tare da nuna damuwa yayin shiryawa ba. Lokacin yin burodi da ice cream, ƙara glycerol fatty acid da sucrose mai na iya samun tasirin kumfa, wanda ke dacewa da samar da yawan kumfa. A cikin samar da madara mai ƙwai da kayayyakin waken soya, ƙara glycerol fatty acid yana da tasirin lalacewa.

3.3.4 Aikace-aikace a cikin hakarwa da rabuwa da launukan launuka, kayan ƙanshi, abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin ilimin halitta da kuma kayan ƙanshi

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi amfani da masu amfani da ruwan saman sosai a cikin hakar da kuma rarrabe abubuwan da ke cikin abinci kamar launuka masu ƙanshi, sinadaran ɗanɗano, sinadaran aiki da kuma kayan ƙanshi.

3.4 Aikace-aikacen 'yan saman ruwa a fannin magani

Surfactants suna da aikin jika, emulsifying, solubilizing, da dai sauransu, saboda haka ana amfani dasu sosai azaman masu karɓar magunguna, musamman a cikin fasahar microemulsion na magunguna wanda aka haɓaka a cikin recentan shekarun nan. A cikin hada magunguna, ana iya amfani da masu amfani da sifa a matsayin masu kawo sauyi na lokaci, wanda zai iya canza matakin magance ions, ta hakan zai kara tasirin sinadarin ions, hakan zai sa a samu ci gaba a cikin tsarin daban-daban, kuma a inganta ingantaccen tasirin. Sau da yawa ana amfani da Surfactants azaman solubilizers da masu haskakawa a cikin bincike, musamman ma a cikin yanayin hangen nesa na magunguna. Dangane da cututtukan fata, rauni ko cututtukan mucous membrane, disinfection na kayan aiki da cutar muhalli kafin aikin tiyata a masana'antar hada magunguna, masu sa ido na iya yin hulɗa sosai tare da sunadaran biofilm na kwaya don ragewa ko rasa aikinsu, kuma ana amfani dasu azaman ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta da ake amfani dasu ko'ina.

4. Yanayin cigaban masu yada ruwa

Jagoran ci gaba na masu haɓaka zai bayyana a cikin fannoni masu zuwa:

4.1 Komawa zuwa yanayi;

4.2 Sauya sinadarai masu cutarwa;

4.3 Wanke da amfani da shi a dakin da zafin jiki;

4.4 Amfani da shi cikin ruwan wuya ba tare da ƙari ba;

4.5 Kariyar muhalli wanda zai iya magance tasirin ruwa mai ƙazanta, ruwa mai laushi, ƙura, da sauransu Surfactants;

4.6 Surfactants waɗanda zasu iya inganta ingantaccen amfani da ma'adanai, mai, da samarwa;

4.7 Masu samar da ruwa mai aiki da yawa;

4.8 Surfactants waɗanda aka shirya daga sharar masana'antu ko birane dangane da aikin injiniya;

4.9 Sake amfani da ingantaccen masarufi tare da tasirin aiki tare wanda aka samar dashi ta hanyar fasahar kirkira.