1. Mai Tsammani

Akwai nau'ikan surfactants da yawa. Dangane da fitowar su, sune: anionic 56%, non-ionic 36%, zwitterionic 5%, and cation 3%.

2. Mai Tsinkayar Hauka

2.1 sulfonate mai cike da ruwa. Mafi yawan amfani da wannan nau'in sune sodium linzamin alkylbenzene sulfonate da sodium α-alkenyl sulfonate. Sodium linzamin alkyl benzene sulfonate, wanda aka fi sani da LAS ko ABS, fari ne mai haske ko ruwan rawaya mai haske ko walƙiya mai ƙarfi, mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, kodayake yana da ƙarancin ruwa mai ƙarancin ruwa a yanayin ƙarancin zafi, kuma solubility a cikin ruwa a ɗakin zafin jiki yana ƙasa da 3. Amma yana da kyau solubility a cikin fili surfactant tsarin.

Alpha-alkenyl sodium sulfonate kuma ana kiransa AOS. Lokacin da abun da ke aiki ya kasance 38% -40%, bayyanar ita ce ruwa mai haske mai launin rawaya, wanda ke iya narkewa cikin ruwa. Yana da kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali a cikin ɗimbin darajar pH. Yana da ɗan fushin fata kuma ƙimar lalata ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta 100% ce. Daga cikin su, ba a amfani da LAS gaba ɗaya a cikin shamfu, kuma ba safai ake amfani da shi a cikin ruwan shawa ba. Sau da yawa ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan wanki na ruwa da na wanki (kayan wanka na tebur). LAS a cikin mai wankin wankin na iya yin lissafin kusan rabin jimillar kayan aikin, kuma ainihin yanayin daidaiton adadin LA a cikin mai wankin ruwa na sutura yana da faɗi sosai.

AOS yana da mafi kyawun aiki tsakanin nau'ikan sulfonate. Yana da fa'idodi na janar sulfonates ko fa'idodin sa sun fi fice, ba tare da lahani na janar sulfonates ba. AOS shine ɗayan manyan abubuwan da aka saba amfani dasu a shamfu da ruwan sha. Aikace-aikacen a cikin sauran kayan wanke ruwa zai karu sannu-sannu tare da fahimtar ƙayyadaddun samfura (ragin farashi). Fitattun fa'idodi na AOS shine kwanciyar hankali mai kyau, mai narkewar ruwa mai kyau, dacewa mai kyau, ƙarancin fushi, da kuma ƙasƙantar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta; Babban hasara shine cewa farashin ya fi tsada a tsakanin masarufin anionic.

2.2 Anionic surfactant sulfate

Kamfanoni irin waɗannan masu aiki sune giya mai ƙoshin polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate da sodium lauryl sulfate. Fatty barasa polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate shine wanda ake kira AES, barasa ether sodium sulfate. Yana da sauƙi narkewa cikin ruwa, bayyanar haske mai haske rawaya mai haske (translucent) lokacin da abun cikin mai aiki yakai kashi 70%, kuma kwanciyar hankali baya ƙasa da janar sulfonates. Anyi hydrolyzed da sauri ƙasa da pH4, amma yana da kyakkyawan zaman lafiyar hydrolytic a cikin yanayin alkaline.

Hakanan ana kiran sodium lauryl sulfate a matsayin AS, K12, sodium cocoyl sulfate, sodium lauryl sulfate, wakilin kumfa. Yana narkewa a cikin ruwa, kuma mai narkewa cikin ruwa a 25 ° C yakai kimanin 15, amma digirin na ruwa solubility baya kasa da AES. Ba damuwa da alkali da ruwa mai wuya, amma kwanciyar hankali a ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic baya ƙasa da janar sulfonate, kusa da AES, dumama mai ɗorewa bai kamata ya wuce 95 ℃ ba, fushin yana a tsakiyar matakin mai tsinkaye, 10% maganin matsalar hangen nesa 3.3, babba thanasa da AES, ƙasa da LAS.

Ana iya amfani da AES a cikin shamfu, ruwan shawa, mai wankin ruwa mai amfani da ruwa (mai wanke kwanuka), da mayukan ruwa na sutura. A aikace, idan alamun ƙimar darajar pH suka yarda, yakamata a daidaita darajar pH kamar yadda ya kamata, kamar su tsaka tsaki ko alkaline. Lokacin da dole ne a yi amfani da AES a ƙarƙashin ƙananan yanayin pH (a cikin shamfu), ana amfani da gishirin ethanolamine gaba ɗaya. Mahimmancin ruwa na AES ya fi na AS kyau; ana iya shirya shi zuwa kowane yanki na ingantaccen ruwa mai ruwa a zazzabi na ɗaki. Ba AES kawai aka fi amfani dashi a cikin abubuwan wanke ruwa fiye da LAS ba, amma kuma yana da dacewa mai kyau; ana iya haɗa shi tare da masu yawan ruwa a cikin binary ko haɗuwa da yawa don samar da ingantaccen ruwa mai ruwa. Daga cikin masu samarda roba, AES shine na uku a cikin fitarwa, kuma farashin yayi ƙasa da na AS. A 2002, an sayar da 70% AES akan yuan / t 8,500. Abubuwan fa'ida na AES sune ƙarancin hangula, mai narkewar ruwa mai kyau, dacewa mai kyau, da kyakkyawan aiki wajen hana bushewar fata da ƙyalli; rashin fa'ida shine cewa kwanciyar hankali a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na acid ya ɗan talauce-dole ne a sarrafa pH don ya fi 4 girma, kuma tsawaitawa bai kai LAS, AS ba.

AS ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan wanke ruwa, kula da yanayin pH matsakaici-yawan acidity bai yi yawa ba; dole ne a yi amfani da gishirin ethanolamine ko gishirin ammonium a cikin shamfu; gishirin ethanolamine ko gishirin ammonium galibi ana amfani dashi a cikin ruwan shawa. Amfani da gishirin ethanolamine ba kawai zai iya haɓaka zaman lafiyar juriya na acid ba, amma kuma zai taimaka rage haushi. 10% triethanolamine gishirin motsa jiki index 3.0. Yawan aikace-aikacen AS a cikin mayukan wankin ruwa mai ƙaranci, kuma ba safai ake amfani da shi azaman babban mai sa ido ba, ma'ana, adadin dabara bai da yawa. Babban dalili shi ne cewa ba shi da kyau a rage farashin kayayyaki. Abu na biyu, irin wannan samfurin ba shi da kusan buƙata don kumfa. AS tana matsayi na 5 a cikin masana'antar kera kayan roba, kuma farashin yayi tsada sosai. A cikin 2002, farashin foda ya kasance yuan 15,000 yuan / t. Ban da kumfa mai kyau da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, AS ba shi da kyau kamar AES a wasu fannoni. Misali, juriyar acid da kwanciyar hankali sun dan munana, kuma fushin ya zama babba-wanda bai kai LAS ba, kuma farashin shi ne mafi girma a tsakanin masu yaduwar ruwa na anionic.

3. ionan Ba ​​da Ilimin Zamani

Babban ire-iren abubuwan da ba sa ionic surfactants sune alkyl alcohol amides (FFA), mai dauke da mai polyoxyethylene ethers (AE), alkyl phenol polyoxyethylene ethers (APE ko OP). Wadanda ba 'ionic surfactants suna da kyau solubilization, wanka, antistatic, low hangula, alli watsawa, da dai sauransu; ainihin abin da ke kewaya PH ya fi na sauran ionic surfactants; yana cire datti da kumfa kumfa. , Sauran kaddarorin sun fi kyau fiye da yadda ake amfani da su gabaɗaya. Gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa ƙara smallan ƙananan abubuwan da ba na ionic ba zuwa ionic surfactants na iya haɓaka aikin farfajiyar tsarin-idan aka kwatanta da abun da ke aiki iri ɗaya.

Alkyl amides na rukuni ne na masu ba da ionic surfactants tare da ingantaccen aiki, kewayon fa'idodi da yawa na yawan amfani. Ana amfani dasu galibi cikin kayan wanka na ruwa daban-daban. Alkyl giya amides da aka saba amfani da shi dalla-dalla a cikin abubuwan wanke ruwa sune "2: 1 amide" da "1.5: 1 amide", kuma "1: 1 amide" shima ana iya amfani dashi. Waɗannan bayanai guda uku suna da wasanni daban-daban dangane da ƙwarewar ruwa da kauri. Gabaɗaya magana, “1.5: 1 amide” ya fi matsakaici, kuma galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin abu don wanka. Yawancin lokaci, ana amfani da “1: 1 amide” a haɗe tare da wasu masanan ruwa masu narkewa don narkewa cikin sauƙi. Amky na alkyl sun fi dacewa da mayukan alkaline, kuma za'a iya amfani dasu a cikin mayukan gama-gari na acid. Alkyl barasa amide yana daya daga cikin masu rahusa wadanda basu da ionic surfactants, farashin a shekarar 2002 ya kai yuan / t 7,800. Ana amfani da alkyl amides akai-akai a cikin abubuwan wanke ruwa fiye da mai mai polyoxyethylene alcohols. Abubuwan da ke amfani da sinadarin nonionic wadanda ake amfani da su a shampoos galibi sune alkyl giya amides. Dalilai na iya zama: Ayyukan FFA sun fi kyau ko fiye da AE; Kayan FFA basu da tsada fiye da AE; Fub ɗin ta FFA ya fi AE kyau; Dukiyar FFA ta kumfa ta fi AE kyau.

4. Zwitterionic surfactants

Masanan ruwa masu amfani da kwayar halitta suna magana ne game da masu ruwa da ruwa tare da kungiyoyin hydrophilic na anionic da cationic, don haka wannan masanin yana cationic a cikin maganin acidic, anionic a cikin mafita na alkaline, kuma yayi kama da yanayin tsaka tsaki Yanayin -ano. Abubuwan da ke cikin kwayar halittar ruwa suna iya narkewa cikin ruwa, mai narkewa a cikin ruwan sanyi da mafita na alkali, kuma har ma ana iya narkar da shi a cikin hanyoyin magance gishirin inorganic. Suna da kyakkyawar juriya mai tsaurin ruwa, ƙarancin fata, laushi mai laushi mai kyau, da abubuwan ƙyama. Mai kyau, yana da tasirin kwayan cuta mai kyau, kuma yana da dacewa mai kyau tare da wasu masanan ruwa.

Irin wannan samfurin ana iya amfani da shi a cikin kewayon pH mai yawa, amma daga mahangar yanayin ionic ɗin da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin matsakaiciyar acid-base, aikin da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic da tsaka tsaki ya kamata ya fi wannan a ƙarƙashin yanayin alkaline. Gabaɗaya magana, farashin zantterionic surfactants ya fi na waɗanda ba na nono ba.

Mahimman nau'ikan dake samarda amphoteric surfactant sun hada da dodecyl dimethyl betaine, irin carboxylate imidazoline da sauransu. Idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan da ake amfani da su na anionic, masu samar da sinadarin nonionic suna da cikakkun ayyuka da kuma rashin lahani-kawai tsawaitawa da kumfa sun fi muni; idan aka kwatanta da nonionic surfactants, wasu kaddarorin na amphoteric surfactants sunfi kyau, Sauran aikin ba baya baya ba. Masanan ruwan saman amphoteric suna da mafi kyawun ƙarancin kumfa fiye da na gabaɗanda ba masu ba da ruwa - ƙarancin kumfa na AE; mafi kwayar cuta 5. Cationic surfactant

Nau'in cationic surfactant iri daya hada cetyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831), cationic guar gum (C-14S), cationic panthenol, cationic Silicone oil, dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (OB-2) Masu yin amfani da fasahar Cationic sun bambanta da sauran masu tallata ruwa. Suna da talaucin hanawa da kaddarorin kumfa, kuma galibi suna da wani nau'i na yawan guba mai laushi (ƙasa).

Ana amfani da sinadaran Cationic a matsayin masu amfani da sinadarai a cikin abubuwan wanke-ruwa - kayan kwandishana tare da karamin tsari. Ana amfani da su gaba ɗaya a cikin samfuran ƙarshen zamani, galibi ana amfani da su a cikin shamfu. Cactic surfactants basu dace kai tsaye da abubuwan da ake amfani dasu ba. Daidaitawar cations da anions na iya haifar da sakamako mai kyau, amma haɗarin hazo (ƙyalƙyali) ya fi girma.

Akwai nau'ikan abubuwan tallafi na cationic da ake amfani da su a cikin shampoos, kuma yawan amfani ana kuma warwatse-maimakon amfani da nau'i daya ko biyu sosai, ana tsara su sau da yawa cikin kwandishan. Masu sana'ar siyar da kaya na Cationic suna da ƙaramin rabo a cikin masarufin, kuma farashinsu sunfi wasu sauran tsada tsada. Idan aka kwatanta da nau'ikan surfactants, masu yin cationic surfactants suna da mafi shahararren tasirin daidaitawa da sakamako mai ƙarfi na ƙwayoyin cuta; duk da rashin fa'idar rashin saurin damuwa, kumfa mara kyau, rashin daidaito mara kyau, tsananin haushi, da tsada, sune kayan aikin kwandishan a cikin manyan shampoos masu tsabtace ruwa ba za a iya maye gurbinsu da wasu nau'ikan abubuwan surfa ba. Yana da kyau a lura da cewa za a iya amfani da masu amfani da kifin kawai a matsayin kayan aikin sanyaya abubuwa ko magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta.