1. Bayani

Masu magana da yawun amphoteric suna nufin kungiyoyin hydrophilic na cationic da kungiyoyin hydrophobic na anionic a cikin tsarin kwayoyin, wanda za'a iya amfani da shi a cikin wani bayani na ruwa kuma ya nuna halaye na masu ruwa da ruwa a karkashin wani matsakaicin yanayi, amma a wani yanayin matsakaici nunin halaye na cationic surfactants.

Betaine-type amphoteric surfactants suna magana ne akan ajin mahaɗan wanda tsarinsu yayi kama da na betaine na halitta. Sunan betaine mai suna sinadarin trimethylammonium acetate. Abune na halitta wanda Scheibler (Scheibler C. 1869, Scheibler C. 1870) suka gano kuma suka rabu da ruwan 'ya'yan itace. Scheibler mai suna betaine beta-in bayan sunan Latin shine beta vulgaris.

A cikin 1876, Bruhl ya karɓi kalmar betaine kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa mahaɗan masu tsari iri ɗaya kamar yadda ake samar da kayayyakin halitta “karafarin“, Waxanda suke da betaine-type amphoteric surfactants. Betaine type amphoteric surfactants za'a iya raba shi zuwa nau'in carboxylic acid, nau'in sulfonic acid, sulfate type, sulfite type, phosphate type, phosphite type, phosphonic acid type da phosphonite type gwargwadon nau'in kungiyar acid. . A halin yanzu, bincike na cikin gida kan betaine surfactants suna aiki sosai. Daga cikin su, nau'ikan acid na carboxylic, nau'ikan acid na sulfonic da samfuran nau'in phosphate an ruwaito mafi yawa.

Yawancin cibiyoyin caji masu kyau na betaine-type amphoteric surfactants ana tallafawa akan quadernary ammonium N atoms, yayin da cibiyoyin caji mara kyau ana tallafawa akan ƙungiyoyin acid mara kyau. Bambanci tsakanin beta-type amphoteric surfactants da sauran ampactter surfactants shine saboda kasancewar ammonium nitrogen quaternary a cikin kwayar, ba zai wanzu a cikin sigar anionic surfactants a cikin alkaline mafita. A cikin jeri daban-daban na pH, masu amfani da amphoteric masu amfani da betaine za su wanzu ne kawai a cikin yanayin zwitterionic ko cationic surfactants. Sabili da haka, a cikin yankin keɓaɓɓen yanki, masu amfani da sinadarin betaine amphoteric ba su da saurin rage ƙarfi a cikin narkewa kamar sauran masanan masu amfani da amphoteric tare da rashin ƙarfi nitrogen.

Betaine nau'in amphoteric surfactants shima yasha bam-bam da na masu yin cationic. Wasu masu binciken (Beckett AH 1963) sunyi imanin cewa yakamata a sanya shi a matsayin "quaternary ammonium salt amphoteric surfactant"; Moore CD (1960) yayi imanin cewa yakamata a sanya shi a matsayin "mai ba da haske game da gishirin ammonium". Ba kamar masu yin cationic surfactants kamar "waje quaternary ammonium salt surfactants", ana iya amfani da masu amfani da sinadarin amphoteric na betaine a hade tare da anactic surfactants kuma ba zasu samar da mahaukatan "rashin tsayayyar lantarki" ba.

Betaine-irin amphoteric surfactants shine muhimmin ɓangare na masu amfani da amphoteric. Yana da kyakkyawar jituwa tare da anionic, cationic da nonionic surfactants, yana da kyakkyawan tasirin synergistic, kuma yana da sauƙin yanayi. Yana da kyawawan halayen antistatic, kayan kwayan cuta, kayan haɓaka, kuma yana da sauƙin rayuwa. Ana amfani dashi sosai a masana'antar sinadarai ta yau da kullun. Tare da zurfafa bincike, za a haɓaka actan abubuwa masu haɓaka irin na betaine da amfani da su.

2. Ci gaban bincike na betaine-type amphoteric surfactants

Tun 1869, Liebreich O. yayi amfani da trimethylamine don shirya betaine; a 1937, rahoton farko na pathoteric amphoteric surfactants ya bayyana a Kingdomasar Ingila, kuma a cikin 1940 DuPont ya ba da rahoton farkon betaine jerin (Betaine) amphoteric surfactants. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ƙasashe daban-daban sun fara bincike da haɓaka haɓakar ruwa mai ƙyama ciki har da mahaɗan betaine. Tare da karuwar aikace-aikace nabetaine surfactants, saurin bincike a wannan fannin shima yana kara sauri. A cikin recentan shekarun nan, sabbin kayayyaki da yawa sun haɓaka.

Xu Jinyun et al. shirya octadecyl betaine tare da octadecyl babban amine, chloroacetic acid, da sodium hydroxide a matsayin kayan masarufi, kuma sun gwada tashin hankali na farfajiyarta, abubuwan antistatic, abubuwan emulsifying da sauran kayan aikin. An kwatanta betaine mai tushe. Zhang Li da sauransu suma sunyi wani bincike game da ilmin sunadarai na wannan masaniyar, kamar tashin hankali na sama, microemulsion da sigogin tsarin.

Chen Zonggang da wasu sun yi amfani da stearic acid da triethanolamine don samar da steethanolamine stearate, kuma suka sarrafa rabon masu karɓa don samar da samfurin galibi mai mutuwa, sannan kuma suka amsa tare da quaternization reagent sodium monochloroacetate don samar da triethanolamine fatty acid ester Betaine. Ana iya amfani da wannan masanin a matsayin wakili mai laushi don bugawa da rini. Taushin ta yana kusa da man amino silicone, farin sa da kuma rashin ruwa ya fi man amino silicone kyau, kuma yana da sauƙin rayuwa. Kayan aiki ne mai tsabtace muhalli.

FangYiwen etal. hada lauroamidopropyl betaine tare da N, N-dimethyl N'-lauroyl-1,3-propanediamine da sodium chloroacetate a matsayin kayan aiki. Samfurin yana da yawan kumfa, kumfa karfafawa da kuma thickening Properties. , Kyakkyawan daidaituwa tare da sauran abubuwan haɗin cikin shamfu.

Chen Hongling et al. hada sulfoimidazoline biyukarafarin ta amfani da sodium 2-bromoethyl sulfonate a matsayin kayan masarufin hydrophilic da alkyl imidazoline kuma sun gwada kayansu na zahiri da na sinadarai. Tsarin tsari shine kamar haka.

Jiang Liubo ya sami N-lauricamidopropyl-N'-β-hydroxypropylamine sulfobetaine ta cire sodium chloride daga sodium l-chloropropyl-2-hydroxysulfonate da lauramide dimethylpropylamine ta hanyar dauki, kowannensu Masanan fasaha suna cikin layi tare da shigo da samfuran samfuran suna. Ya na da m yi, sosai low hangula, arziki da lafiya kumfa, da kyau kwarai da ruwa juriya da kuma haifuwa.

Nonglanping yana amfani da dodecanol, epichlorohydrin, chloroethanol da dimethylamine a matsayin kayan masarufi, da P2O5 a matsayin reagent na phosphorylation, kuma sunan roba shine 2- [N- (3-dodecyloxy-2-hydroxy) propyl -N, N-Dimethylammonium] ethyl acid phosphate betaine .

 

Cen Bo et al. rabuwa da tsarkakakken dehydroabietylamine daga raunin amine, sannan kuma aka hada N-dehydroabietyl-N ta hanyar N, N-dimethyl dehydroabietyl amine a matsayin kayan abu. N-dimethyl carboxymethyl betaine da chloride sune sabbin nau'ikan betaine amphoteric surfactants guda biyu.

 

Wang Jun et al. hada nau'in betaine amphoteric surfactant-dodecyl dimethyl hydroxypropyl sulfobetaine tare da epichlorohydrin, sodium bisulfite da tertiary dodecyl amine azaman albarkatun kasa, An inganta yanayin halayen.

 

Henan Dao Chung Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. ya shirya sabbin abubuwa masu kama da betaino-type amphoteric masu dauke da tsarin sarkar polyoxyethylene ta hanyar amsa alkyl polyoxyethylene dimethyl babban jami'in amine tare da chloroacetic acid ko chloroethyl sulfuric acid. Gane masana'antun masana'antu.

 

Kasashen waje har yanzu suna kan gaba a fagen betaine surfactants, kuma aikin binciken su da ci gaban su ya cancanci cikakken kulawa da nazarin karatu. Misali, Chew, CH, da sauransu sun haɗu da AUDMAA mai kama da betaine mai kama da sinadarin acineloyl chloride 1-pyridinedecanol da aminoacetic acid. Babban mahimmancin micelle ɗinsa a 24 ℃ shine 9.42 × 10-3mol / L. Merarfin haɓakar polymerization shine 50.2kJ / mol. Furuno Takeshi et al. hada sabbin abubuwa masu kama da betaine iri biyu N, N-hydroxyethyl-N-ethyl fatty acid ester betaine da N- (fatty acid ester) ethyl- tare da tarot mai fatty acid a matsayin kayan abu. N, N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) -3-12-hydroxypropyl) ammonium sulfonate.

 

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an sami ci gaba masu gamsarwa da yawa a cikin kayan jiki da na sinadarai na betaine surfactants. Misali: YousukeOne, da dai sauransu (dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, oleic acid) -dimethyl betaine batun, da dielectric hali na micellar bayani na betaine surfactant da aka yi nazarin. Ba shi da alaƙa da ƙimar micelles, kuma ƙarfin annashuwa na amintaccen mai ba da labari yana canzawa daidai gwargwado, wanda ya yi kama da aminoglycolato betaine wanda ke da tsarin sunadarai na betaine amma ba mai zage-zage ba ne. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa saman micelle na amphoteric surfactant shima yana da irin wannan lokacin daskararren lokaci kamar maganin glycine betaine.