1. Rigar jika

Lokacin da daskararriyar ke cikin mu'amala da ruwa, asalin daskararru / gas da ruwa / gas musaya suna ɓacewa kuma sabon madogara / ruwa yana aiki. Ana kiran wannan tsari wetting. Misali, zaren zazzaɓi abu ne mai ɗorewa tare da babbar ƙasa. Lokacin da maganin ya bazu tare da zaren, zai shiga ratar da ke tsakanin zaren kuma ya fitar da iska, ya juya asalin yanayin iska / fiber zuwa yanayin ruwa / fiber. Hanya ce ta hankula; yayin da maganin zai shiga cikin zaren a lokaci guda, ana kiran wannan tsari shigar azzakari cikin farji. Surfactants masu taimakawa jikeji da kutsawa ana kiransu wakilan wetting da shigar ciki.

2. Emulsification

Emulsification yana nufin wasu ruwa guda biyu (kamar su mai da ruwa), daya daga cikinsu ana samun sa ne ta hanyar watsa kananan kwayoyi masu yawa (girman kwayar 10-8 ~ 10-5m) a cikin dayan ruwa Matsayin emulsion. Ruwan digon mai da aka watsa a cikin ruwa ana kiransa emulsions mai-in-water (O / W), kuma daskararrun ruwa da aka watsa a cikin mai ana kiransu emulsions na ruwa-in-oil (W / O). Surfactants waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa emulsification ana kiran su emulsifiers. Surfactants da aka yi amfani da su azaman emulsifiers suna da ayyuka biyu: daidaitawa da kariya.

 

(1) kwanciyar hankali

Emulsifier na da tasirin rage sarkakiyar rikici tsakanin ruwan biyu don daidaita tsarin cakudawar. Wannan saboda saboda lokacin da aka watse mai (ko ruwa) a cikin ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa a cikin ruwa (ko mai), ana faɗaɗa yankin hulɗa tsakanin su, yana haifar da ƙaruwa da ƙarfin makamashi na tsarin da yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali. Lokacin da aka kara emulsifier, ana tallata rukunin lipophilic na kwayoyin emulsifier a saman daskararrun dusar mai yayin da rukunin hydrophilic ya fadada cikin ruwa, kuma yana daidaita a saman danshin mai don samar da fim din kwayoyin hydrophilic, wanda yana rage tashin hankali tsakanin mai / ruwa, Wanda ke rage karfin kuzari a tsarin kuma ya rage jan hankali tsakanin diga-digar mai, yana hana daskararrun mai ya sake tarawa ya sake zama gida biyu.

(2) Kariya

Fim ɗin kwayar halittar da aka daidaita ta saman teburin saman mai ɗigon mai mai ƙarfi fim ne mai kariya wanda zai iya hana dusar mai ta haɗu da taruwa. Idan kuwa fim ne na daidaitaccen kwayar halitta wanda wani masanin ionic surfactant ya kirkira, za a kuma caje digo-digon mai da irin wannan caji, wanda zai karawa juna kyama tare da hana digo-digon mai taruwa yayin yawan haduwa.

 

3.wankewar tasirin gurbata yanayi

Saboda tasirin emulsification na surfactant, man shafawa da dattin datti da aka ware daga daskararren za a iya emulsified da tarwatse a cikin bayani mai ruwa-ruwa, kuma ba za a sake ajiye shi a saman da aka tsabtace don samar da sake gurɓatawa.

Hanyar cire mai mai ruwa daga farfajiyar an bayyana ta ƙasa don bayyana rawar masu yin ruwa. Ruwan man shafawa na ruwa ya fara yaduwa akan dutsen mai ƙarfi. Lokacin da aka kara masu ruwa, saboda rashin karfin yanayin farfajiyar, maganin ruwa mai saurin yaduwa akan daskararren kuma ya jike daskararrun, kuma a hankali ya maye gurbin tabon mai. Manyan tabo a shimfide akan daskararren sannu a hankali suna juyawa zuwa cikin dusar mai (kusurwar tuntuɓar sannu a hankali tana ƙaruwa, yana canzawa daga wetting zuwa ba wetting).

 

4. yawo a jiki

Hanyar tarwatse daskararren mara narkewa cikin bayani tare da kananan kwayoyi don samar da dakatarwa ana kiransa watsawa. Masanin da ke inganta watsawar daskararru kuma ya samar da tsayayyen dakatarwa ana kiransa watsawa. A zahiri, lokacin da aka fitar da mai mai ƙarfi kuma aka tarwatsa shi a cikin bayani, yana da wahala a rarrabe ko wani tsari ne emulsification ko watsawa, kuma emulsifier da watsawa yawanci abu ɗaya ne, don haka sanya su biyu a ainihin amfani. Emulsifying da watsawa wakili.

Ka'idar aikin tarwatsewa daidai yake da na emulsifiers. Bambanci shine cewa watsewar daskararren barbashi gaba daya bashi da karko fiye da daskararrun 'yan kwaya.

 

5.maganin tasirin

Yanayin iskar gas da aka watsa a cikin ruwa ana kiransa kumfa. Idan wani ruwa mai sauki ne don shirya fim kuma bashi da saukin fasawa, ruwan zai samar da kumfa da yawa lokacin da aka motsa shi. Bayan an samar da kumfa, yankin gas / ruwa a cikin tsarin yana ƙaruwa ƙwarai, yana sa tsarin ya kasance mara ƙarfi, don haka kumfa mai sauƙi ne ta fashe. Lokacin da aka kara sashin ruwa a cikin maganin, ana tallata kwayar halittar ruwa a fuskar iskar gas / ruwa, wanda hakan ba wai kawai rage tashin hankali tsakanin fasalin gas / ruwa bane, amma kuma yana samar da fim din monomolecular tare da wani karfin inji don yin kumfa wahalar fashewa.

Solutionswararrun maganganun ruwa suna da digiri daban-daban na tasirin kumfa. Gabaɗaya, masu amfani da sinadarin anionic suna da ƙarfi masu ƙyamar kumfa, yayin da masu ba da labari ba su da raunin kumfa, musamman idan aka yi amfani da su sama da gizagizai.

Saboda yanayin kumfar yana da tasirin tallan talla mai karfi akan datti, dorewar wankan ya inganta, kuma hakanan yana iya hana datti sake sakawa a saman abun. Sabili da haka, mutane koyaushe suna tunanin cewa kayan wanki tare da kyawawan kaddarorin kumfa suna da ƙarfin gurɓataccen iska. Sabili da haka, mayukan wankan ruwa da yawa zasu rage matsi na famfon jirage kuma basu dace da rinshin ruwa ba. Sabili da haka, ya kamata a yi amfani da nau'ikan ƙananan kumfa marasa ionic a wannan yanayin. Surfantant.

 

6.yantawa

Solubilization yana nufin tasirin masarufi don ƙara narkewar abubuwa masu narkewa ko abubuwa marasa narkewa cikin ruwa. Misali, solubility na benzene a cikin ruwa shine 0.09% (ƙaramin juzu'i). Idan an kara masu kara kuzari (kamar su sodium oleate), solubility na benzene Ana iya kara shi zuwa 10%.

Tasirin solubilization ba za'a iya rabashi da micelles da masu surfa ruwa suka ƙirƙira ba. Micelles micelles ne wanda aka samar da su ta hanyar sarkar hydrocarbon a cikin kwayoyin halittun da ke matsowa kusa da juna a cikin maganan ruwa saboda mu'amalar hydrophobic. Cikin micelle ɗin haƙiƙa hydrocarbon ne na ruwa, don haka abubuwan da ba na iyakacin duniya ba kamar su benzene da mai na ma'adinai waɗanda ba su narkewa cikin ruwa sun fi sauƙi narkewa a cikin micelle ɗin. Solubilization tsari ne na micelles narkar da abubuwa masu lipophilic. Tasiri ne na musamman na masu sana'ar ruwa. Sabili da haka, kawai lokacin da haɓakar mai ba da labari a cikin mafita ya fi ƙarfin mahimmin mahimmanci, akwai ƙarin manyan micelles a cikin maganin. Solubilization yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da lokaci, kuma mafi girman ƙimar micelle, mafi girman ƙarfin solubilization.

Solubilization ya bambanta da emulsification. Emulsification wani tsari ne mai rikitarwa da rashin daidaituwa wanda aka samu ta hanyar watsar da wani ruwa a cikin ruwa (ko wani lokaci na ruwa), yayin da sulhuntawa yana haifar da cewa maganin solubilized da sinadarin solubilized suna cikin tsari guda daya mai daidaituwa da kwanciyar hankali a daya lokaci. Wasu lokuta masu haɓaka iri ɗaya suna da tasirin emulsification da solubilization effects, amma kawai lokacin da natsuwarsa ta kasance sama da mahimmancin ƙwayar micelle zata iya samun tasirin warwarewa.

 

7.soft kuma santsi

Lokacin da kwayoyin sunadarai suka daidaita a saman masana'anta, za'a iya rage dangin danniyar tsargin masana'anta. Irin su linzamin alkyl polyol polyoxyethylene ether, linzamin alkyl fatty acid polyoxyethylene ether da wasu masu ba da ruwa da kuma wasu nau'ikan kayan aikin cactic suna da tasirin rage karfin rikitarwa na masana'anta, don haka ana iya amfani da shi Amfani da shi a matsayin mai sanya laushi. Surfactants tare da rassan alkyl ko ƙungiyoyi masu ƙanshi ba za su iya samar da tsari mai kyau a saman masana'anta ba, don haka ba su dace da amfani a matsayin mai laushi ba.

 

8.A sakamako na yau da kullun

Wasu masanan ruwa masu amfani da ruwa da kuma ammonium gishirin cationic surfactants suna da sauƙin karɓar ruwa kuma suna samar da maganin magance matsalar a saman masana'anta, saboda haka suna da tasirin antistatic kuma ana amfani dasu azaman wakilan antistatic don yadudduka zaren sinadarai. 9. sakamakon kwayar cuta

Quaternary ammonium bactericides suna da kayan haɗin mahaɗan ionic. Suna da narkewa cikin sauƙi a cikin ruwa amma ba a cikin kaɗan da ba na iyakacin duniya ba, kuma suna da tsayayyen kayan aikin sunadarai. Hanyar aiwatar da irin wannan nau'ikan kashe kwayoyin cuta shine yafi karfi ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki, da hada karfi da hydrophobic tsakanin kwayar halitta da kwayoyin sunadarai, da dai sauransu, don tallata kwayoyin cuta mara kyau kuma yasa su taru akan bangon kwayar halitta, wanda ke haifar da lysis da samarwa. . Tasirin toshe daki yana haifar da hana ƙwayoyin cuta da mutuwa. A lokaci guda, kungiyar alkyl ta hydrophobic kuma na iya mu'amala da kungiyar kwayoyi masu kwayar halittar hydrophilic don canza dammar membrane, sannan a yi musu aikin lasa, lalata tsarin kwayar halitta, ta haifar da narkar da kwayar halitta da mutuwa. Wannan nau'in kayan gwari yana da inganci, rashin yawan guba, babu tarawa, matsakaiciyar guba ga kifi, sauƙin pH baya shafar sa, yana da sauƙin amfani, yana da tasirin peeling mai ƙarfi a kan lakar laka, kuma yana da kyawawan halayen kimiyyar, watsawa da hana lalata lalata Kyakkyawan aiki da sauran halaye.

Tun lokacin da aka gano tasirin kwayar cutar masu yaduwar cutar a cikin 1935, an ci gaba da samfuran 4 zuwa 6 na karuwancin ammonium gishiri masu kashe kansa. Zamanin farko shine alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, da sauransu; ƙarni na biyu shine wanda ya samo asali daga ƙarni na farko, wanda aka gudanar akan zoben benzene ko kuma nitrogen na quarternary na gishirin ammonium Wanda aka samu ta hanyar maye gurbinsa: samfurin ƙarni na uku shine dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, kamar didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, da sauransu; ƙarni na huɗu samfuri ne na ƙarni na farko da na uku; An sauya su azaman gishirin ammonium sau biyu kamar su: ethylene bis (dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide), suna cikin gemini ko dimer type surfactants.

Maganin kashe kwayar ammonium na quaternary ba kawai yana da tasirin kwayar cuta ba, amma kuma yana da tasirin peeling mai karfi akan slime. Zai iya kashe ƙwayoyin cuta masu rage sulfate waɗanda ke girma a ƙarƙashin slime. Hakanan yana da tasirin lalata-da tasirin aiki yayin amfani dashi tare da wasu wakilai. Wadanda sune gama gari sune 1227 (dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), 1231 (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium bromide, 1427 (Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride), dodecyl dimethyl, ametium,